Hidden fifths and octaves

A hidden fifth occurs when an implied consonant passing note would create a parallel fifth. A hidden octave occurs when an implied consonant passing note would create a parallel octave.

1. What are hidden octaves?
2. What is a hidden fifth or octave?
3. What is a hidden octave in counterpoint?
4. How do you avoid parallel fifths and octaves?

What are hidden octaves?

: an unsounded musical interval of an octave that is implied by the similar up or down motion of two voice parts and that if sounded would produce consecutive octaves.

What is a hidden fifth or octave?

Hidden fifths (hidden octaves are the same idea, but with octaves) is when two voices move in similar motion into a fifth in the next chord. This isn't the same as parallel fifths, where they move together from one fifth to another.

What is a hidden octave in counterpoint?

So-called hidden consecutives, also called direct or covered octaves or fifths, occur when two independent parts approach a single perfect fifth or octave by similar motion instead of oblique or contrary motion. A single fifth or octave approached this way is sometimes called an exposed fifth or exposed octave.

How do you avoid parallel fifths and octaves?

Avoid parallel fifths and octaves between notes following adjacent accents, if voices are 2:1 (second species). Allow if each of the notes forming the parallel is approached from a different direction. Allow if each of the perfect intervals is "unessential" (not part of the prevailing harmony).