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The Atwater general factor system includes energy values of 4 kcal per gram (kcal/g) (17 kJ/g) for protein, 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates and 9 kcal/g (37 kJ/g) for fat. Alcohol is also technically considered a macronutrient and contains 7 kcal/g (29 kJ/g).
- What are Atwater values?
- What is the Atwater factor for carbohydrate?
- How accurate is Atwater system?
- What is the Atwater equation?
What are Atwater values?
The Atwater system is used in the food industry to determine the total calorific value of food by employing the 4-9-4 method. This system applies energy conversion factors to the macronutrients carbohydrate, fat, protein and fiber. ... Alcohol is also technically considered a macronutrient and contains 7 kcal/g (29 kJ/g).
What is the Atwater factor for carbohydrate?
3.5.1 The Atwater general factor system
It uses a single factor for each of the energy-yielding substrates (protein, fat, carbohydrate), regardless of the food in which it is found. The energy values are 17 kJ/g (4.0 kcal/g) for protein, 37 kJ/g (9.0 kcal/g) for fat and 17 kJ/g (4.0 kcal/g) for carbohydrates.
How accurate is Atwater system?
The difference between ME calculated by using Atwater and similar factors and determined ME values was up to 4% for the refined diet and up to 11% for the low-fat, high-fiber diets. Various factorial and empirical systems for calculating food energy failed to reflect the results of the direct determinations.
What is the Atwater equation?
Calculated with modified Atwater equation (AAFCO, 1997): ME (kcal/kg) = 10 × (3.5 × Crude Protein % + 8.5 × Crude Fat % + 3.5 × Nitrogen-Free Extract %).
