Chromatic 7th chords going upwards in Beethoven

1. Did Beethoven use 7th chords?
2. Does the 7th resolve Up or down?
3. How do you resolve a 7th chord?
4. Are 7th chords used in classical music?

Did Beethoven use 7th chords?

Beethoven sure loves his C minor. The resolution doesn't last for long though, he keeps going with the 7th chords.

Does the 7th resolve Up or down?

In a strict style, the seventh must resolve stepwise down.

How do you resolve a 7th chord?

If the seventh is in the bass, it must resolve down by step, creating a first-inversion I chord. V7 to VI (or vi) will often double the 3rd in the VI (or vi) chord, just like triads (that is, V to VI or V to vi). When circle-of-fifths sequences occur with seventh chords, the sevenths resolve down by step as usual.

Are 7th chords used in classical music?

Classical music only uses major/minor triads as tonics. Classical doesn't use 7th chords as tonics, because you don't use a dissonance as a tonic chord.